Políticas desenvolvimentistas e mulheres quebradeiras de coco babaçu: capturas contemporâneas / Developmentalist policies and babassu coconut-breaking women: contemporary catches / Políticas desarrollistas y las mujeres que rompen coco babaçu: capturas contemporáneas

Este estudo propõe analisar as relações e os processos de subjetivação de mulheres quebradeiras de coco babaçu decorrentes das intervenções de políticas desenvolvimentistas em seus territórios de vida e reverberações no Movimento Interestadual de Quebradeiras de Coco Babaçu (MIQCB). Sob a perspectiva ético-estético-política da Cartografia, acompanhamos as narrativas das histórias de vida de 24 mulheres, suas atividades cotidianas e eventos do MIQCB, também analisamos os documentos das políticas. Entendemos que, ao passo que tais políticas de desenvolvimento rural contribuem para a melhoria das condições de vida, em termos materiais e simbólicos, elas também produzem ressonâncias relacionadas ao modo de subjetivação do tipo "empresário de si", que agenciam seus modos de viver, de produzir e de se relacionar consigo e com os outros na lógica capitalista neoliberal. A resistência às capturas neoliberais também estão presentes ao ampliarem as mobilizações coletivas do próprio movimento, articulando com outros na produção de um "comum".(AU)

This study proposes to analyze the relations and the processes of subjectivation of babassu coconut-breaker women arising from developmental policy interventions in their territories of life and reverberations in the Babassu Coconut-breaker Interstate Movement (MIQCB). From the ethical-aesthetic-political perspective of Cartography, we followed the narratives of the life stories of 24 women, their daily activities and promoted events by MIQCB, we also analyzed the policy documents. We understand that while these policies of rural development contribute to improve the living conditions, in material and symbolic terms, they also produce resonances related to the "self-entrepreneur" mode of subjectivation, which has been handling their ways of living, producing, and relating to themselves and others in the neoliberal capitalist logic. Resistance to neoliberal captures is also present as they expand the collective mobilizations of the movement itself, articulating with others, in the production of a "common."(AU)

Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar los procesos de subjetivación de las mujeres que rompen coco babaçu que surgen de las intervenciones de las políticas de desarrollo en sus territorios de vida y las reverberaciones en el Movimiento Interestadual de las Mujeres que Rompen Coco Babaçu (MIQCB). Desde la perspectiva ético-estético-política de la Cartografía, seguimos las narraciones de las historias de vida de 24 mujeres, sus actividades diarias y eventos del MIQCB, y también analizamos los documentos de las políticas. Si bien estas políticas han contribuido a mejorar las condiciones de vida de las mujeres, en términos materiales y simbólicos, también han producido resonancias del modo de subjetivación "autoempresarial", que ha agenciado sus formas de vivir, producir y relacionarse consigo mismas y con los demás en la lógica capitalista neoliberal. La resistencia a las capturas neoliberales también está presente cuando amplían las movilizaciones colectivas del propio movimiento, articulándose con otros en la producción de un "común".(AU)

WHO Regional Office for Europe nutrient profile model

This publication describes the regional nutrient profile model for use and, if necessary, adaptation by Member States in the WHO European Region in developing policies to restrict marketing of unhealthy foods to children. The second edition, presented in this report, is an updated version of the model published in 2015. It incorporates lessons learnt during adaptation of that model by Member States and by other WHO regional offices. A brief history of the WHO Regional Office for Europe nutrient profile model developed in 2015 is provided, followed by how it has been updated. This edition is based on an expert meeting held in September 2021 by the Regional Office and on work of the European Union’s Joint Action on Healthy Food for a Healthier Future (Best-ReMaP). The draft updated model was tested by 13 Member States that were partners in the Best-ReMaP Joint Action to compare the classification of foods with that in the 2015 model and to identify any practical issues in its application. The second edition of the nutrient profile model for the WHO European Region (NPM 2023) is presented and its features described. They include its scope, the food categories for which there are different thresholds, the nutrient and other components that are taken into account, the threshold themselves and definitions of all terms.

Biodisponibilidad de fósforo en alimentos y su efecto en la enfermedad renal crónica / Bioavailability of phosphorus in food and its effect in chronic kidney disease

Resumen Introducción: el objetivo del presente trabajo se centra en reconocer la importancia de las investigaciones que relacionan la biodisponibilidad de fósforo en diferentes grupos de alimentos de origen animal, vegetal e industrial y su efecto en la progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica (ERC). Metodología: la revisión se sustentó en la búsqueda literaria en páginas web como PUBMED, Redalyc, SciELO, SCIHUB y Google Academic. Se seleccionó cada estudio, descartando aquellos que no fueran cuantitativos u originales, estuvieran incompletos, sin metodología clara, realizados en mamíferos o si los resultados no se especificaban en porcentajes. La lectura puso especial énfasis en el índice de biodisponibilidad de fósforo derivado del consumo de distintos productos alimenticios. Se elaboraron tres matrices de acuerdo con el origen del comestible y la biodisponibilidad de fósforo que absorbe el organismo. Resultados: se encontró que los alimentos industrializados y los aditivos muestran una biodisponibilidad de fósforo del 90 % al 100 %, los de origen animal del 40 % al 80 % y los de origen vegetal del 30 %. Conclusiones: los aditivos de los alimentos industrializados promueven la hiperfosfatemia y, con ello, aceleran la progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica, a diferencia de los de origen animal y vegetal, menos perjudiciales para la salud. Esto da pauta a la formación del sector salud para ampliar su conocimiento sobre el tratamiento nutricional del paciente.

Abstract Introduction: to know the importance of the investigations that relate the bioavailability of phosphorus in different groups of foods of animal, vegetable and industrialized origin and its effect on the progression in patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD). Methodology: the review is based on a literary search that was carried out on web pages such as: PUBMED, Redalyc, SciELO, SCIHUB and Google Academic. Each of the studies was selected discarding those that were not quantitative, original, complete, with clear methodology, carried out in mammals, and that in their results specified the bioavailability of phosphorus in percentages. All the studies were read, placing main emphasis and interest on the percentage of phosphorus bioavailability when consuming different food groups. Three matrices were made according to the origin of the food and the bioavailability of phosphorus that is absorbed in the body; grouping them into foods of animal, vegetable and industrialized origin and additives. Results: it was found that industrialized foods and additives show a phosphorus bioavailability of 90-100%, those of animal origin 40-80%, those of plant origin 30%. Conclusions: The additives used in industrialized foods promote hyperphosphatemia and thus accelerate the progression of chronic kidney disease, unlike foods of animal and vegetable origin that are less harmful to health. This guides the training of the health sector, expanding its knowledge in the nutritional treatment of the patient.

Аналитический обзор: налоги на сахаросодержащие напитки

Цель настоящего обзора – предоставить государствам-членам, в частности разработчикам политики в области здравоохранения, рекомендации по налогообложению сахаросодержащих напитков.

Policy brief: taxing sugar-sweetened beverages

The aim of this brief is to act as a guide for Member States – and, in particular, policy actors from the health sector – that are interested in sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes.

The out-of-home food environment: report of a WHO Regional Office for Europe and Public Health England expert meeting, 10 June 2021

The WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases (NCD Office)is engaging in several initiatives to address healthy and sustainable food environments, guided byexperts from across the Region. This report sets out the presentations and discussions that tookplace at an expert meeting on the out-of-home food environment, held virtually on 10 June 2021and co-hosted by Public Health England. Member States presented snapshots of their experiences,policy and data in the out-of-home food sector, and addressed two key areas in detail: portion sizeand food delivery apps.

Future steps to tackle obesity: digital innovations into policy and actions. Conference report, 29 June 2021

The Portuguese Ministry of Health under the Portuguese Presidency of the Council of the European Union and the WHO Regional Office for Europe jointly organized a conference “Future steps to tackle obesity: digital innovations into policy and actions”, which took place on 29 June 2021. This conference included discussions and deliberations by a panel of experts on how the widespread use of digital tools and applications in the food environment affects structural and behavioural changes in our food choices. By understanding the threats and opportunities created by the digital world, actions can be formulated to tackle and prevent obesity. The conference concluded with the Lisbon Call to Action, which proposes that children under 18 years of age should be protected from obesogenic digital environments by reducing their exposure to digital marketing of unhealthy food products and by expanding the opportunities offered by digitalization to enhance the accessibility and affordability of healthy and environmentally sustainable food. The Call to Action, signed by the Portuguese Minister of Health, calls on governments, diverse stakeholders and relevant actors to become signatories.

Avaliação do consumo alimentar de pacientes em hemodiálise: comparação com recomendações do Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative / Assessment of food consumption in hemodialysis patients: comparison with recommendations from the Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative

Introdução: A análise da ingestão alimentar de pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) em tratamento dialítico é eficaz para fornecer informações a fim de auxiliar no diagnóstico nutricional e nortear as condutas dietéticas necessárias. Objetivo: Analisar a adequação do consumo alimentar de acordo com as recomendações publicadas pelo Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (KDOQI) para macro e micronutrientes, além de avaliar a capacidade antioxidante total da dieta (CATd), de portadores de DRC. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal, com 60 voluntários portadores de DRC em tratamento hemodialítico de um Hospital Universitário de Juiz de Fora ­ MG. A caracterização da amostra foi feita no período de junho de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020, através da aplicação de um Questionário Quantitativo de Frequência Alimentar (QQFA) e de coleta de dados pessoais, clínicos e comorbidades. As análises estatísticas foram conduzidas utilizando-se o software SPSS, versão 20.0. As variáveis numéricas foram apresentadas na forma de média (± desvio-padrão), mediana, mínimo e máximo, enquanto as categóricas em frequência absoluta e relativa. Resultados: Observou-se que 43% e 55% dos pacientes apresentaram um consumo calórico e proteico acima do preconizado pela KDOQI, respectivamente. Para os micronutrientes, foi observado que 77% dos pacientes apresentaram consumo de cálcio abaixo do recomendado e de fósforo 65% maior do que a recomendação atual. Percebeu-se que 67% e 40% dos pacientes apresentaram adequado consumo de sódio e potássio. O perfil lipídico da dieta dos pacientes, demonstrou uma desproporção da razão ômega 6/ômega 3, além de um CATd de 4,05 mmol/dia. Conclusão: Através do presente estudo podemos concluir que o consumo alimentar dos pacientes em hemodiálise avaliados apresenta algumas inadequações em relação às recomendações propostas pela literatura.

Introduction: The analysis of food intake in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing dialysis is effective to provide information to assist in nutritional diagnosis and guide the necessary dietary behaviors. Objective: To analyze the adequacy of food consumption according to the recommendations published by the Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (KDOQI) for macro and micronutrients, in addition to evaluating the total antioxidant capacity of the diet (CATd) of patients with CKD. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study with 60 volunteers with CKD undergoing hemodialysis treatment at a University Hospital in Juiz de Fora ­ MG. The characterization of the sample was carried out from June 2019 to February 2020, through the application of a Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (QQFA) and the collection of personal, clinical and comorbid data. Statistical analyzes were conducted using SPSS software, version 20.0. Numerical variables were presented as mean (± standard deviation), median, minimum and maximum, while categorical variables in absolute and relative frequency. Results: It was observed that 43% and 55% of the patients had a caloric and protein consumption above that recommended by the KDOQI, respectively. For micronutrients, it was observed that 77% of the patients had calcium intake below the recommended level and phosphorus consumption 65% higher than the current recommendation. It was noticed that 67% and 40% of the patients had adequate consumption of sodium and potassium. The lipid profile of the patients' diet showed a disproportion of the omega 6/omega 3 ratio, in addition to a CATd of 4.05 mmol/day. Conclusion: Through the present study we can conclude that the food consumption of the evaluated hemodialysis patients presents some inadequacies in relation to the recommendations proposed by the literature

Características do ambiente alimentar comunitário e do entorno das residências das famílias beneficiárias do Programa Bolsa Família / Characteristics of the community food environment and home surroundings of households beneficiaries of the "Bolsa Família" (family aid) program

Resumo Conhecer o ambiente alimentar a que as famílias beneficiárias do Programa Bolsa Família (PBF) estão expostas é necessário para identificar a exposição a ambientes que favoreçam piores escolhas alimentares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o ambiente alimentar comunitário da zona urbana do município de Ouro Preto e do entorno das residências das famílias beneficiárias do PBF. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico, conduzido com dados do Sistema de Cadastro Único e da Secretaria Estadual da Fazenda, ambos de 2014, e do Censo 2010. Foram realizadas análises espaciais para avaliar as aglomerações de famílias beneficiárias e de estabelecimentos. Os setores censitários (SC) periféricos e com menor renda per capita apresentaram pouco ou nenhum local de venda de alimentos, bem como maior aglomeração de famílias beneficiárias do PBF, que estão mais próximas a estabelecimentos considerados não saudáveis (mediana: 65,73 metros). Verificou-se maior concentração de locais de venda de alimentos, sobretudo não saudáveis, nos SC de localização central e de maior renda per capita (59,2%). Nesse caso, torna-se relevante o diálogo com outras políticas públicas interrelacionadas com a nutrição, visando reduzir as iniquidades e contribuir para melhorar o acesso físico a estabelecimentos de venda de alimentos saudáveis.

Abstract Knowing the food environment to which the households benefiting from the Bolsa Familia Program (PBF) are exposed is necessary to identify exposure to environments that favor worse food choices. This work aimed to characterize the community food environment of the urban area of the municipality of Ouro Preto (MG), Brazil, and the surroundings of the homes of households that are beneficiaries of the PBF. This ecological study was conducted with data from the Single Registry and the State Treasury Department Systems, both from 2014, and from the 2010 Census. Spatial analyses were conducted to evaluate the clusters of beneficiary households and establishments. The peripheral and with lower per capita income census tracts (CTs) had little or no establishment for food sales, and greater agglomeration of PBF beneficiary households closer to unhealthy establishments (median: 65.73 meters). There was a higher concentration of - mainly unhealthy - food sales establishments in the central CTs and higher per capita income (59.2%). Given the above, it becomes important to dialogue with other nutrition-related public policies to reduce inequalities and improve physical access to healthy food sales establishments.

Perfil nutricional e sociodemográfico de indivíduos brasileiros que seguem dietas especiais: II Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação: 2017 - 2018 / Nutritional and sociodemographic profile of the brazilian population on special diets: II National Food Survey: 2017 - 2018

A adoção de uma alimentação saudável auxilia no controle e mortalidade por Doenças Crônicas não Transmissíveis (DCNT). Uma alimentação mais saudável pode ser alcançada pela prática de dietas especiais, que podem ser adotadas devido ao diagnóstico de algumas doenças. Conhecer o percentual de quem faz dietas especiais pode ser útil para o monitoramento do cuidado e enfrentamento das DCNT no Brasil. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou estimar a prevalência do uso de dieta especial na população brasileira segundo tipos de dieta, variáveis sociodemográficas e estado nutricional. Trata-se de um estudo transversal e descritivo utilizando dados do Inquérito Nacional de Alimentação (INA) 2017/2018 (n=46.164 indivíduos com 10 anos ou mais de idade). Os participantes foram questionados se estavam fazendo alguma dieta especial, e para qual finalidade. Foram obtidas as prevalências de prática de dietas de acordo com características sociodemográficas, estado nutricional, uso de sal, açúcar e adoçante de adição, e suplementos nutricionais. Para o cálculo das estimativas, foi utilizado o Software R versão 4.1.0 considerando a complexidade da amostra e os fatores de expansão. Entre a população estudada (n=46.164 indivíduos), 14,3% afirmaram realizar algum tipo de dieta. Quando comparado por sexo, a prevalência foi maior entre as mulheres (17,8%) do que entre os homens (9,6%), sendo a dieta para pressão alta mais prevalente nos homens (3,7%) e a dieta para emagrecer mais prevalente nas mulheres (7,4%). O uso de dietas foi maior entre idosos (homens: 22,4%; mulheres: 31,2%) e obesos (homens: 13,2%; mulheres: 26,0%), para todos os tipos de dietas, e menor entre indivíduos de menor renda (homens: 4,3% vs. 20,4% maior renda; mulheres: 10% vs. 26,1% maior renda) e menor escolaridade (homens: 6,7% vs. 23,6% com maior escolaridade; mulheres: 11,9% vs. 23,9% com maior escolaridade). Os indivíduos que relataram realizar dieta, comparados com os que não relataram, apresentaram menor prevalência de consumo de sal (homens: 12,0% vs. 15,5%; mulheres: 9,6% vs. 12,6%) e açúcar de adição (homens: 53,1% vs. 85,4%; mulheres: 51,1% vs. 81,9%) e maior prevalência de consumo de suplementos nutricionais (homens: 32,2% vs. 13,7%; mulheres: 38,6% vs. 19,2%). O uso de dietas foi maior entre as mulheres, idosos e obesos, e menor entre indivíduos de menor renda e menor escolaridade para todos os tipos de dieta. Embora as DCNTs sejam mais frequentes entre os indivíduos de menor renda e menor escolaridade, o uso de dietas especiais foi menos frequente neste grupo.

The adoption of a healthy diet helps in the control and mortality from Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). A healthier diet can be achieved by the practice of special diets, which can be adopted due to the diagnosis of some diseases. Knowing the percentage of those on special diets can be useful for monitoring the care and coping with NCDs in Brazil. Thus, the present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of special diet use in the Brazilian population according to types of diet, sociodemographic variables and nutritional status. This is a cross-sectional and descriptive study using data from the National Food Survey (INA) 2017/2018 (n=46,164 individuals aged 10 years and over). Participants were asked if they were on a special diet, and for what purpose. Prevalence of diet practices were obtained according to sociodemographic characteristics, nutritional status, use of salt, sugar and added sweeteners, and nutritional supplements. To calculate the estimates, Software R version 4.1.0 was used, considering the complexity of the sample and the expansion factors. Among the population studied (n=46,164 individuals), 14.3% stated that they were on some type of diet. When compared by sex, the prevalence was higher among women (17.8%) than among men (9.6%), with the diet for high blood pressure being more prevalent in men (3.7%) and the diet for weight loss more prevalent in women (7.4%). Diet use was higher among the elderly (men: 22.4%; women: 31.2%) and obese (men: 13.2%; women: 26.0%), for all types of diets, and lower among individuals with lower income (men: 4.3% vs. 20.4% higher income; women: 10% vs. 26.1% higher income) and less educated (men: 6.7% vs. 23.6% with higher education; women: 11.9% vs. 23.9% with higher education). Individuals who reported dieting, compared with those who did not, had a lower prevalence of salt consumption (men: 12.0% vs. 15.5%; women: 9.6% vs. 12.6%) and sugar addiction (men: 53.1% vs. 85.4%; women: 51.1% vs. 81.9%) and a higher prevalence of consumption of nutritional supplements (men: 32.2% vs. 13.7% ; women: 38.6% vs. 19.2%). The use of diets was higher among women, elderly and obese, and lower among individuals with lower income and lower education for all types of diet. Although CNCDs are more frequent among individuals with lower income and lower education, the use of special diets was less frequent in this group.

Representações sociais de homens sobre autocuidado e pressão alta / Representaciones sociales de hombres sobre el autocuidado y la presión arterial alta / Social representations of men about self-care and high blood pressure

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender as representações sociais de homens sobre autocuidado e pressão alta. Método: pesquisa qualitativa alicerçada na Teoria das Representações Sociais (abordagens processual e estrutural) e no conceito de Déficit de autocuidado de Orem. Realizada em via pública em uma cidade da Zona da Mata mineira com 118 homens (idade ≥18anos). Coletados os dados de caracterização sociodemográficas, as técnicas de evocação livre das palavras e a entrevista individual em profundidade com gravação de áudio guiada por questões norteadoras. Os dados foram consolidados com apoio dos softwares: EVOC®, SPSS24, NvivoPro11 e Iramuteq. Realizada análise de conteúdo (adensamento teórico - coeficiente de Pearson). Atendidos os aspectos ético-legais. Resultados: faixa etária predominante 18-29 anos (41,5%). Foram categorias emergentes: 1) adesão às ações preventivas no autocuidado da hipertensão (demonstraram conhecimento e inserção dos participantes) e; 2) negligências ao autocuidado nas ações preventivas da hipertensão (evidenciou-se dúvidas ou justificativas para os homens não se cuidarem). Considerações finais: O grupo considera que o autocuidado é a responsabilidade em ter hábitos saudáveis (alimentação e atividade física) para prevenção de doenças; e a pressão alta é influenciada por: alimentação desregrada, sedentarismo e estresse, sendo necessário o autocuidado para o controle e manutenção da saúde.

RESUMEN Objetivo: comprender las representaciones sociales de hombres sobre el autocuidado yla presión arterial alta. Método: investigación cualitativa basada en la Teoría de las Representaciones Sociales (abordajes procesual y estructural) yen el concepto de Déficit de autocuidado de Orem. Realizada en vía pública en una ciudad de la Zona da Mata Mineira-Minas Gerais-Brasil con 118 hombres (edad ≥18años). Fueron recolectados los datos de caracterización sociodemográficas, las técnicas de evocación libre de las palabras yla entrevista individual en profundidad con grabación de audio conducida por cuestiones orientadoras. Los datos fueron consolidados con el apoyo de los softwares: EVOC®, SPSS24, NvivoPro11 y Iramuteq. Fue realizado análisis de contenido (densificación teórica - coeficiente de Pearson). Fueron atendidos los aspectos ético-legales. Resultados: franja de edad predominante 18-29 años (41,5%). Las categorías resultantes encontradas fueron: 1) adhesión a las acciones preventivas en el autocuidado de la hipertensión (demostraron conocimiento e inserción de los participantes) y; 2) negligencias al autocuidado en las acciones preventivas de la hipertensión (se evidenciaron dudas o justificativas para que los hombres no se cuiden). Consideraciones finales: el grupo considera que el autocuidado es la responsabilidad de tener hábitos saludables (alimentación y actividad física) para la prevención de enfermedades; y la presión alta es afectada por: alimentación desordenada, sedentarismo y estrés, siendo necesario el autocuidado para el control yel mantenimiento de la salud.

ABSTRACT Objective: to understand the social representations of men about self-care and high blood pressure. Method: it is a qualitative research based on the Social Representations Theory (procedural and structural approaches) and on Orem's concept of Self-Care Deficit. It was heldin a public place in a city in Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais, with 118 men (age ≥18 years-old). Sociodemographic characterization data, free word evocation techniques and individual in-depth interview with audio recording guided by guiding questions were collected. The data were consolidated with the support of the software: EVOC®, SPSS24, NvivoPro11 and Iramuteq. Content analysis (theoretical density - Pearson's coefficient) was performed. Ethical and legal aspects are met. Results: the predominant age group is 18-29 years-old (41.5%). The emerging categories were: 1) adherence to preventive actions in self-care of hypertension (it demonstrated knowledge and insertion of participants) and 2) neglect of self-care in preventive actions of hypertension (doubts or justifications were evident for men not taking care of themselves). Final considerations: the group considers that self-care is the responsibility to have healthy habits (food and physical activity) for disease prevention; and high blood pressure is influenced by: unruly food, physical inactivity and stress, requiring self-care to control and maintain health.

Plant-based diets and their impact on health, sustainability and the environment: a review of the evidence: WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases

In the WHO European Region, more and more people are shifting towards plant-based diets for reasons relating to health, as well as to ethical considerations about climate change and animal welfare. In some countries changes in dietary patterns are only just emerging, while in others this trend is increasing rapidly. Nevertheless, the evidence on the long-term health impacts of vegetarian and vegan diets remains incomplete. This fact sheet aims to review the current evidence and highlight knowledge gaps in this area.

Un tributo al ambiente y la salud: El libro de las hortalizas de Centroamérica y República Dominicana / A tribute to the environment and health: The book of vegetables from Central America and the Dominican Republic

Esta publicación hace referencia a las hortalizas, por su importante valor en nuestra alimentación y cultura alimentaria, por su disponibilidad tienen como fin común obtener los nutrientes necesarios para la supervivencia humana. Es así, que la alimentación y nutrición de las personas, están basadas en los hábitos, costumbres o tendencias que rigen a la sociedad en su conjunto, considerando aspectos sociales, económicos, políticos y tecnológicos. Con esta publicación el Instituto de Nutrición de Centro América y Panamá -INCAP, ofrece a la población, información detallada sobre el contenido nutricional y los beneficios del consumo de 20 hortalizas, consideradas entre las más populares en la región centroamericana, las cuales son parte de la cultura alimentaria. Con ello se apoyará a la promoción de una adecuada nutrición y al rescate de la alimentación natural a través del consumo de productos frescos como los vegetales, así como a la sostenibilidad ambiental. La información presentada fortalecerá el contenido técnico de las guías alimentarias basadas en alimentos - GABAs-; y, con su aplicación se espera contribuir a la reducción de riesgos asociados al sobrepeso y obesidad, así como a enfermedades no transmisibles como diabetes, hipertensión, varios tipos de cáncer , entre otras. Aporta elementos que permiten fortalecer las políticas y programas de alimentación y nutrición institucional y de grupos vulnerables, estimular a los diferentes sectores afines a la alimentación a promover un enfoque intersectorial, participativo, que fomente una alimentación saludable y sostenible, principalmente en la población con menos acceso a los alimentos.

Obesidade e sobrepeso em colaboradores de um Centro Universitário em Fortaleza ­ Ceará - Brasil: há diferença entre os sexos? / Obesity and overweight in collaborators of a University Center in Fortaleza ­ Ceará ­ Brazil: is there a difference between the sexes?

Objetivo: avaliar a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade de acordo com o sexo entre os colaboradores de um centro universitário. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado com funcionários de um centro universitário particular, localizado na cidade de Fortaleza ­ Ceará ­ Brasil. Foram coletados, em entrevista presencial, os seguintes dados: pessoais, socioeconômicos e demográficos, além de ter sido realizadas por equipe treinada, medidas antropométricas, tais como, peso, altura, circunferência do pescoço (CP) e circunferência da cintura (CC). Resultados: foram entrevistados 80 funcionários, a maioria do sexo feminino 65% e 40% na faixa etária entre 20 a 29 anos, 40,0% com ensino médio incompleto e 31,3% com renda de até um salário-mínimo mensal. De acordo com a classificação do estado nutricional segundo valores de Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), 68,7% dos participantes apresentavam excesso de peso, considerando os colaboradores com sobrepeso e obesidade e 78,8% das mulheres apresentaram CC de risco moderado e alto para o desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). Os dados de CP mostraram que há uma prevalência elevada 77,5% de sobrepeso e obesidade em ambos os sexos. Do total, 75% das mulheres apresentaram risco nutricional antropométrico para desenvolver DCV, enquanto 60,7 % dos homens apresentaram parâmetros de risco, sem diferença estatística (p = 0,184). Conclusão: foi possível identificar que a maioria da população estudada apresenta excesso de peso segundo o IMC e CP, além de apresentar risco para o desenvolvimento de DCV analisados por meio da CC e RCE, sem diferença significativa entre os sexos. Ressalta, assim, a importância do atendimento nutricional para o diagnóstico precoce de sobrepeso/obesidade, com a finalidade de reduzir a prevalência de excesso de peso no ambiente de trabalho e no setor produtivo, com a realização de ações de conscientização da importância da alimentação e hábitos saudáveis na promoção da saúde e na prevenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, como a obesidade

Objective: To assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity according to sex among employees of a university center. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study carried out with employees of a private university center located in the city of Fortaleza ­ Ceará ­ Brazil. Personal, socioeconomic, and demographic data were collected in a face-to-face interview, in addition to anthropometric measurements such as weight, height, neck circumference (NC), and waist circumference (WC) by a trained team. Results: 80 employees were interviewed, most of them 65% female and 40% aged between 20 and 29 years, 40.0% with incomplete high school education, and 31.3% with an income of up to one minimum monthly wage. According to the classification of nutritional status according to Body Mass Index (BMI) values, 68.7% of the participants were overweight, considering the overweight and obese employees, and 78.8% of the women had moderate-risk WC and high for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The PC data showed that there is a high 77.5% prevalence of overweight and obesity in both sexes. Of the total, 75% of women had an anthropometric nutritional risk for developing CVD, while 60.7% of men had risk parameters, with no statistical difference (p = 0.184). Conclusion: It was possible to identify that the majority of the studied population is overweight according to BMI and LC, in addition to being at risk for the development of CVD analyzed through WC and WHtR, with no significant difference between genders. Thus, it emphasizes the importance of nutritional care for the early diagnosis of overweight/obesity to reduce the prevalence of excess weight in the work environment and the productive sector by carrying out actions to raise awareness of the importance of food and healthy habits in promoting health and preventing chronic non-communicable diseases such as obesity.

Un balance de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional en Venezuela 2000-2020 / A balance of food and nutrition security in Venezuela. 2000-2020

Venezuela está atravesando procesos de decrecimiento económico lo que profundiza la crisis alimentaria y aumenta la violencia. Venezuela está viviendo la mayor crisis institucional, social, económica, política, moral, cultural de su historia, lo que incluye la pérdida de su capital humano por motivos de la emigración masiva y forzosa habida en los últimos años y también por la violencia, inseguridad ciudadana, por el incremento de la desigualdad social y la destrucción del Estado de Derecho. La crisis venezolana es una crisis de carácter multidimensional, la más profunda, compleja y larga de su historia moderna cuyas causas tienen que ver con la erosión continua de la institucionalidad, la pérdida progresiva de los valores democráticos, con el desdibujamiento del Estado y con el auge de un populismo autocrático que viola constantemente los principales derechos humanos. Ello sucede sin que en el país haya habido desastres naturales o conflictos bélicos. Los diversos programas sociales dirigidos a la soberanía alimentaria implementados durante las dos últimas décadas estuvieron atados a la volatilidad de los precios petroleros. Por otra parte, presentan un descuido extremo en cuanto a la calidad institucional de su gestión, se caracterizan por una acrecentada tendencia hacia la inefectividad y un agravamiento de la desprofesionalización de la administración pública. Ausencia de planificación y de evaluación desnudan las grandes y graves limitaciones de la gran mayoría de estos programas. Hoy en día el país está sumido en una crisis humanitaria compleja que ya lleva 5 años sin perspectivas claras de progreso(AU)

enezuela is going through a process of economic decline, which is deepening the food crisis and increasing violence. Venezuela is experiencing the greatest institutional, social, economic, political, moral and cultural crisis in its history, which includes the loss of its human capital due to massive and forced emigration in recent years, as well as violence, citizen insecurity, increased social inequality and the destruction of the rule of law. The Venezuelan crisis is a multidimensional crisis, the deepest, most complex and longest in its modern history, the causes of which have to do with the continuous erosion of institutions, the progressive loss of democratic values, the blurring of the state and the rise of an autocratic populism that constantly violates the main human rights. This is happening without any natural disasters or armed conflicts in the country. The various social programs aimed at food sovereignty implemented over the last two decades have been tied to the volatility of oil prices. On the other hand, they show extreme neglect in terms of the institutional quality of their management and are characterized by an increased tendency towards ineffectiveness and a worsening of the de-professionalization of public administration. The absence of planning and evaluation reveal the great and serious limitations of the vast majority of these programs. The country is currently in the midst of a complex humanitarian crisis that has been going on for five years with no clear prospects for progress(AU)

Comportamiento alimentario en adolescentes, en el marco de la encuesta global de salud escolar Paraguay, 2017 / Eating behavior in adolescents, in the framework of the global school health survey

Introducción: Comer saludablemente puede contribuir a disminuir la frecuencia de enfermedades crónicas evitables y a mejorar la calidad de vida en la edad avanzada. El objetivo fue describir el comportamiento alimentario de los adolescentes escolares de escuelas públicas, subvencionadas y privadas a nivel nacional. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal cuantitativo no probabilístico, como instrumento se utilizó el cuestionario de la Encuesta Global de Salud Escolar, a adolescentes de 12 departamentos, la encuesta fue aplicada en marzo del 2017, fueron incluidos 3149 estudiantes matriculados sistemáticamente con una probabilidad proporcional a los grados Octavo-Tercer curso. Resultados: El comportamiento alimentario se caracterizó por el bajo consumo de frutas y verduras en porciones de cinco o más veces al día que fue solo del 7,5%. El 61,7% consumieron bebidas gaseosas azucaradas una o más veces al día, y 15% de los estudiantes consumieron tres días o más comidas rápidas en los últimos 7 días. Conclusión: El comportamiento alimentario de los adolescentes se caracteriza por un elevado consumo de los alimentos marcadores de una alimentación no saludable con mayor proporción entre los más jóvenes.

Introduction: Eating healthy can help reduce preventable chronic diseases and improve quality of life in old age. The objective was to describe the eating habits of school adolescents from public, subsidized and private schools nationwide. Materials and Methods: It is a non-probabilistic quantitative cross-sectional descriptive study, the instrument used was the Global School Health Survey, for adolescents from 12 departments, the survey was applied in March 2017. 3149 systematically enrolled students were included with a proportional probability to grades Eight-Third year. Results: The eating behavior was characterized by the low consumption of fruits and vegetables in portions of five or more times a day, which was only 7.5%. 61.7% consumed sugary soft drinks one or more times a day, and 15% of the students consumed fast foods three or more days a week. Conclusion: The eating behavior of adolescents is characterized by a high consumption of foods that are markers of an unhealthy diet, with a higher proportion among the youngest.